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[Page 2] Praise for The Four Tendencies “The greatest predictor of growth and happiness is actionable self-knowledge. Gretchen Rubin gives you the tools to not only understand yourself and others, but what to do with that knowledge. Insightful, practical, and crucial, The Four Tendencies will help you overcome the biggest impediments to your happiness and success.” —Shawn Achor (Upholder), author of The Happiness Advantage and Before Happiness “Gretchen Rubin has discovered a new framework for understanding ourselves and other people. When we know our Tendency, we can manage ourselves more effectively and reach our goals faster—and we can help others to do that, as well. As a researcher who has studied habits, addiction, and change for twenty years, I’m excited by the simplicity and power of The Four Tendencies as a tool for anyone seeking to make his or her life better. I am implementing this in my clinical programs to help people understand their Tendencies so they can change behaviors, such as stress and emotional eating.” —Judson Brewer, MD, PhD (Questioner), author of The Craving Mind and associate professor in medicine and psychiatry at the University of Massachusetts Medical School “Gretchen Rubin’s groundbreaking Four Tendencies framework is a simple yet deeply-researched and powerful tool that helps us better recognize our own nature, harness its strengths, and counteract its weaknesses. With her trademark wit and insight, Gretchen gives us the tools to create the life we want, in a way that’s right for us . The surprising thing? Once you know about these four types, you see them everywhere.” —Susan David, PhD (Upholder), cofounder of the Institute of Coaching and author of Emotional Agility “If you want to change anything in your life, you need Gretchen Rubin. Her ideas are original, instinctive, and revolutionary. Whether you want to get fitter, work smarter, or be tidier, she shows you how to tweak your habits (almost) effortlessly. This Rebel sleeps better, deletes more email, is more than forty pounds lighter, and forever in her debt.” [Page 3] —Viv Groskop (Rebel), journalist and comedian “I love Gretchen Rubin and she helps me understand both myself and the people around me.” —Cathy Rentzenbrink (Obliger), author of The Last Act of Love [Page 4] A LSO BY G RETCHEN R UBIN Better Than Before Happier at Home The Happiness Project Forty Ways to Look at JFK Power Money Fame Sex: A User’s Guide Profane Waste (with Dana Hoey) [Page 6] For Christy Fletcher (Questioner) [Page 7] Contents Cover Also by Gretchen Rubin Title Page Copyright Dedication Epigraph Your Tendency 1: The Four Tendencies The Origin of the Four Tendencies • How the Tendencies Weave Throughout Our Characters • Why It’s Helpful to Identify Our Own Tendency • Why It’s Helpful to Identify Others’ Tendencies 2: Identify Your Tendency Take the Four Tendencies Quiz Upholder “Discipline is my freedom” 3: Understanding the Upholder “Do what’s right even when people call you uptight” Strengths • Weaknesses • Variations Within the Tendency • Why Upholders Have an Instinct