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[Page 2] Problems in General Physics [Page 3] H. E. ilpop,oB 3A00,A411 no OBW,EVI 031 , 13111-CE maitaTeAbcrso .Hays a* tvlocKsa [Page 4] I. E. lrodov Problems in General Physics Mir Publishers Moscow [Page 5] Translated from the Russian by Yuri Atanov First published 1981 Second printing 1983 Third printing 1988 Revised from the 1979 Russian edition Ha ane4141. 1C1COM sisbme Printed in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics © English translation, Mir Publishers, 1981 ISBN 5-03-000800-4 © 1/13gaTenbenio «Hapca», FaasHasi pegaxquA cnisHico-maTemanrgeotoil awrepaTyphi, 1979 [Page 6] PREFACE This book of problems is intended as a textbook for students at higher educational institutions studying advanced course in physics. Besides, because of the great number of simple problems it may be used by students studying a general course in physics. The book contains about 1900 problems with hints for solving the most complicated ones. For students' convenience each chapter opens with a time-saving summary of the principal formulas for the relevant area of physics. As a rule the formulas are given without detailed explanations since a stu- dent, starting solving a problem, is assumed to know the meaning of the quantities appearing in the formulas. Explanatory notes are only given in those cases when misunderstanding may arise. All the formulas in the text and answers are in SI system, except in Part Six, where the Gaussian system is used. Quantitative data and answers are presented in accordance with the rules of approximation and numerical accuracy. The main physical constants and tables are summarised at the end of the book. The Periodic System of Elements is printed at the front end sheet and the Table of Elementary Particles at the back sheet of the book. In the present edition, some misprints are corrected, and a number of problems are substituted by new ones, or the quantitative data in them are changed or refined (1.273, 1.361, 2.189, 3.249, 3.97, 4.194 and 5.78). In conclusion, the author wants to express his deep gratitude to col- leagues from MIPhI and to readers who sent their remarks on some prob- lems , helping thereby to improve the book. I.E. Irodov [Page 8] CONTENTS Preface 5 A Few Hints for Solving the Problems 9 Notation 10 PART ONE. PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS 11 1.1. Kinematics 11 1.2. The Fundamental Equation of Dynamics 20 1.3. Laws of Conservation of Energy, Momentum, and Angular Momentum 30 1.4. Universal Gravitation 43 1.5. Dynamics of a Solid Body 47 1.6. Elastic Deformations of a Solid Body 58 1.7. Hydrodynamics 62 1.8. Relativistic Mechanics 67 PART TWO. THERMODYNAMICS AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS . 75 2.1. Equation of the Gas State. Processes 75 2.2. The First Law of Thermodynamics. Heat Capacity 78 2.3. Kinetic Theory of Gases. Boltzmann's Law and Maxwell's Distribution 82 2.4. The Second Law of Thermodynamics. Entropy 88 2.5. Liquids. Capillary Effects 93 2.6. Phase Transformations 96 2.7. Transport Phenomena 100 PART THREE. ELECTRODYNAMICS 105 3.1. Constant Electric Field in Vacuum 105 3.2. Conductors and Dielectrics in an Electric Field 111